🇦🇱 Albania
Europe & Central Asia · ISORA participant · ITTI survey participant
Albania employs artificial intelligence and machine learning for risk scoring in practice and has statutory provisions for controlled foreign companies, interest limitations, and country-by-country reporting. The country does not utilize automated bulk data matching for tax enforcement. Tax revenue amounted to 18.0% of GDP in 2024, based on central government figures.Auto-generated summary of the verified data below; every fact traces to a source on this page.
18.0%
tax-to-GDP, central govt only (2024, World Bank)
7/11
enforcement powers assessed
Headline statutory rates
As stated in PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries’ territory overview (fetched 2026-08-20) — the wording is PwC’s; source.
| Tax | Headline rate as stated |
|---|---|
| Headline PIT rate | 23 |
| Headline CIT rate | 15 |
| Standard VAT rate | 20 |
| Headline individual capital gains tax rate | 15 |
| Headline corporate capital gains tax rate | 15 |
| WHT rates (%) (Dividends/Interest/Royalties) | Resident: 8 / 15 / 15; Non-resident: 8 / 15 / 15 |
| Headline net wealth/worth tax rate | NA |
| Headline inheritance tax rate | 15 |
| Headline gift tax rate | 15 NA stands for Not Applicable (i.e. the territory does not have the indicated tax or requirement) NP stands for Not Provided (i.e. the information is not currently provided in this chart) |
Enforcement powers
AI & machine-learning risk scoring Yes — documented practice
Self-reported in the OECD Inventory of Tax Technology Initiatives (2024 Global Survey on Digitalisation).
“Survey question "Administration uses artificial intelligence" — answer: Yes”
Source: OECD Inventory of Tax Technology InitiativesOECD / IMF survey data · derived from the administration’s own survey answer
Automated bulk data matching No — power absent
Self-reported to ISORA (International Survey on Revenue Administration), FY2022.
“ISORA indicator "Administration undertakes fully automated compliance checks based on data matching/analysis" — value: No”
Source: IMF ISORA — International Survey on Revenue AdministrationOECD / IMF survey data · derived from the administration’s own survey answer
Citizenship-based taxation No — power absent
Albania taxes individuals by residence, not citizenship (PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries).
“Resident individuals are taxed on all sources of income in and outside the territory of Albania, while non-resident individuals are taxed on income generated only in the territory of Albania.”
Source: PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries — AlbaniaProfessional / legal analysis · quote machine-verified 2026-08-25
Controlled foreign company (CFC) rules Yes — statutory power
Recorded in the OECD Corporate Tax Statistics anti-avoidance rules dataset (2026).
“OECD Corporate Tax Statistics: "Is there a controlled foreign company rule in place? · Not applicable" — Yes”
Source: OECD Corporate Tax StatisticsOECD / IMF survey data · derived from the administration’s own survey answer
Interest limitation rules Yes — statutory power
Recorded in the OECD Corporate Tax Statistics anti-avoidance rules dataset (2026).
“OECD Corporate Tax Statistics: "Is there an interest limitation rule in place? · Regime 1" — Yes”
Source: OECD Corporate Tax StatisticsOECD / IMF survey data · derived from the administration’s own survey answer
Country-by-country reporting Yes — statutory power
Recorded in the OECD Corporate Tax Statistics anti-avoidance rules dataset (0).
“OECD Corporate Tax Statistics: "Is there a country-by-country reporting law in place?" — Yes”
Source: OECD Corporate Tax StatisticsOECD / IMF survey data · derived from the administration’s own survey answer
Public naming of non-compliant taxpayers No — power absent
Self-reported to ISORA (International Survey on Revenue Administration), FY2022.
“ISORA indicator "Administration is empowered to make public details of some / all taxpayers subject to administrative penalties imposed for non-disclosure" — value: No”
Source: IMF ISORA — International Survey on Revenue AdministrationOECD / IMF survey data · derived from the administration’s own survey answer
Anti-avoidance regime detail (OECD Corporate Tax Statistics)
OECD-curated descriptions of this jurisdiction’s CFC, interest-limitation, CbCR and IP-regime rules.
CFC rules — 8 data points
| Is there a controlled foreign company rule in place? · Not applicable | Yes |
| Controlled foreign company rule · Not applicable | When a physical personal has an interest in a foreign controlled entity, the profits of which are not taxable or exempt from tax in the Republic of Albania, any retained earnings arising from 'passive income', shall be included in physical person s taxable investment income. Any foreign entity is considered a controlled foreign e… |
| Significant controlled foreign company exemption and exclusion requirements · Not applicable | Where the foreign controlled entity paid tax in its state of tax residence on income included in the tax base of the physical person according to this Article, this tax may be credited against the overall tax liability. |
| Controlled foreign company income · Not applicable | passive income; interests, dividends, royalties, income from financial lease. |
| Substantial activity requirements description · Not applicable | If the "passive income" does not exceed 30 percent of the total profit of the foreign controlled entity, the CFC provisions do not apply. |
| Substantial activity requirements · Not applicable | Yes |
| Trigger rate for controlled foreign company rule · Not applicable | It is defined by reference to our domestic rate. |
| Year of introduction of the controlled foreign company rule · Not applicable | 2024 |
Interest limitation — 38 data points
| Number of years allowed under carry forward/back. · Regime 1 | 5 |
| Number of years allowed under carry forward/back. · Rule 1 | 5 |
| Do any loss carry-back or carry-forward provisions apply? · Regime 1 | Yes |
| Do any loss carry-back or carry-forward provisions apply? · Rule 1 | Yes |
| Is a de minimis threshold present? · Regime 1 | None |
| Is a de minimis threshold present? · Rule 1 | None |
| Any other exclusions? · Regime 1 | Yes |
| Any other exclusions? · Rule 1 | Yes |
| Exclusions based on payer characteristics? · Regime 1 | No |
| Exclusions based on payer characteristics? · Rule 1 | No |
| Exclusions based on payment characteristics? · Regime 1 | No |
| Exclusions based on payment characteristics? · Rule 1 | No |
| Exclusions based on recipient characteristics? · Regime 1 | No |
| Exclusions based on recipient characteristics? · Rule 1 | No |
| Financial accounting measure applied to rule · Regime 1 | EBITDA |
| Financial accounting measure applied to rule · Rule 1 | EBITDA |
| Is there a group ratio rule or similar type of rule in place? · Regime 1 | No |
| Is there a group ratio rule or similar type of rule in place? · Rule 1 | No |
| Is there an interest limitation rule in place? · Regime 1 | Yes |
| Is there an interest limitation rule in place? · Rule 1 | Yes |
| Can interest be recharacterised as a dividend? · Regime 1 | No |
| Can interest be recharacterised as a dividend? · Rule 1 | No |
| Is the rule is applicable to net or gross interest expensing? · Regime 1 | EBITDA |
| Is the rule is applicable to net or gross interest expensing? · Rule 1 | EBITDA |
| Other mechanisms for providing taxpayers with relief where the MNE group has high levels of third party interest expense. · Regime 1 | No there is no group ratio rules |
| Is the rule applicable to related party debt? · Regime 1 | Yes |
| Is the rule applicable to related party debt? · Rule 1 | Yes |
| Description of interest limitation rule · Regime 1 | 1) Interest is deductible against business income in the tax year in which it is incurred only up to thirty percent (30%) of the entities earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA). 2) The EBITDA shall be calculated by adding back to the income subject to tax the tax-adjusted amounts for excessive interest as well as the tax-adjusted amounts for depreciation. Tax exempt… |
| Description of interest limitation rule · Rule 1 | 1) Interest is deductible against business income in the tax year in which it is incurred only up to thirty percent (30%) of the entities earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA). 2) The EBITDA shall be calculated by adding back to the income subject to tax the tax-adjusted amounts for excessive interest as well as the tax-adjusted amounts for depreciation. Tax exempt … |
| Type of interest limitation rule · Regime 1 | Thin cap |
| Type of interest limitation rule · Rule 1 | Thin cap |
| Financial ratio referenced · Regime 1 | 0.3 |
| Financial ratio referenced · Rule 1 | 30% |
| Is the rule is applicable to third party debt? · Regime 1 | Yes |
| Is the rule is applicable to third party debt? · Rule 1 | Yes |
| Are there targeted rules to address specific risks not addressed by the general rule? · Regime 1 | No |
| Are there targeted rules to address specific risks not addressed by the general rule? · Rule 1 | No |
| Year of introduction of the interest limitation rule · Rule 1 | 2018 |
Country-by-country reporting — 4 data points
| Is there a country-by-country reporting law in place? | Yes |
| Deadline by which filings must be submitted | 12 months |
| Reports are required for MNEs with annual revenues above | ALL 105 million |
| Headquarter jurisidiction filing required from | 01-Jan-24 |
IP regimes — 5 data points
| Regime name · Regime 1 | Industries incentive (software production / development) |
| Status of the IP regime as determined by the OECD’s Forum on Harmful Tax Practices (FHTP). · Regime 1 | Abolished |
| Asset types that can qualify for the IP regime · Regime 1 | Software |
| Tax rate that would otherwise apply · Regime 1 | 15.00% |
| Reduced tax rate that applies under the IP regime · Regime 1 | 0.00% |
Effective corporate tax rates
| Measure | Year | Rate |
|---|---|---|
| Capital allowances · Percentage of initial investment · Baseline · Country-specific interest and inflation rates · Acquired software · Not applicable | 2025 | 10.6% |
| Capital allowances · Percentage of initial investment · Baseline · Country-specific interest and inflation rates · Buildings · Not applicable | 2025 | 4.8% |
| Capital allowances · Percentage of initial investment · Baseline · Country-specific interest and inflation rates · Tangibles · Not applicable | 2025 | 10.0% |
| Capital allowances · Percentage of initial investment · Baseline · Fixed interest and inflation rates · Acquired software · Not applicable | 2025 | 12.9% |
| Capital allowances · Percentage of initial investment · Baseline · Fixed interest and inflation rates · Buildings · Not applicable | 2025 | 8.3% |
| Capital allowances · Percentage of initial investment · Baseline · Fixed interest and inflation rates · Tangibles · Not applicable | 2025 | 12.6% |
| Effective average tax rate · Percentage of taxable income · Baseline · Country-specific interest and inflation rates · Acquired software · Not applicable | 2025 | 17.8% |
| Effective average tax rate · Percentage of taxable income · Baseline · Country-specific interest and inflation rates · Composite · Not applicable | 2025 | 14.7% |
| Effective average tax rate · Percentage of taxable income · Baseline · Country-specific interest and inflation rates · Inventories · Not applicable | 2025 | 15.0% |
| Effective average tax rate · Percentage of taxable income · Baseline · Country-specific interest and inflation rates · Buildings · Not applicable | 2025 | 12.4% |
| Effective average tax rate · Percentage of taxable income · Baseline · Country-specific interest and inflation rates · Tangibles · Not applicable | 2025 | 13.5% |
| Effective average tax rate · Percentage of taxable income · Baseline · Fixed interest and inflation rates · Acquired software · Not applicable | 2025 | 16.2% |
| Effective average tax rate · Percentage of taxable income · Baseline · Fixed interest and inflation rates · Composite · Not applicable | 2025 | 14.7% |
| Effective average tax rate · Percentage of taxable income · Baseline · Fixed interest and inflation rates · Inventories · Not applicable | 2025 | 14.7% |
| Effective average tax rate · Percentage of taxable income · Baseline · Fixed interest and inflation rates · Buildings · Not applicable | 2025 | 13.8% |
| Effective average tax rate · Percentage of taxable income · Baseline · Fixed interest and inflation rates · Tangibles · Not applicable | 2025 | 14.2% |
| Effective marginal tax rate · Percentage of taxable income · Baseline · Country-specific interest and inflation rates · Acquired software · Not applicable | 2025 | 27.6% |
| Effective marginal tax rate · Percentage of taxable income · Baseline · Country-specific interest and inflation rates · Composite · Not applicable | 2025 | 16.5% |
| Effective marginal tax rate · Percentage of taxable income · Baseline · Country-specific interest and inflation rates · Inventories · Not applicable | 2025 | 17.5% |
| Effective marginal tax rate · Percentage of taxable income · Baseline · Country-specific interest and inflation rates · Buildings · Not applicable | 2025 | 8.5% |
| Effective marginal tax rate · Percentage of taxable income · Baseline · Country-specific interest and inflation rates · Tangibles · Not applicable | 2025 | 12.3% |
| Effective marginal tax rate · Percentage of taxable income · Baseline · Fixed interest and inflation rates · Acquired software · Not applicable | 2025 | 27.2% |
| Effective marginal tax rate · Percentage of taxable income · Baseline · Fixed interest and inflation rates · Composite · Not applicable | 2025 | 15.5% |
| Effective marginal tax rate · Percentage of taxable income · Baseline · Fixed interest and inflation rates · Inventories · Not applicable | 2025 | 15.3% |
| Effective marginal tax rate · Percentage of taxable income · Baseline · Fixed interest and inflation rates · Buildings · Not applicable | 2025 | 8.3% |
| Effective marginal tax rate · Percentage of taxable income · Baseline · Fixed interest and inflation rates · Tangibles · Not applicable | 2025 | 11.5% |
| Cost of capital · Percentage of investment · Baseline · Country-specific interest and inflation rates · Acquired software · Not applicable | 2025 | 8.4% |
| Cost of capital · Percentage of investment · Baseline · Country-specific interest and inflation rates · Composite · Not applicable | 2025 | 7.7% |
| Cost of capital · Percentage of investment · Baseline · Country-specific interest and inflation rates · Inventories · Not applicable | 2025 | 7.8% |
| Cost of capital · Percentage of investment · Baseline · Country-specific interest and inflation rates · Buildings · Not applicable | 2025 | 7.2% |
| Cost of capital · Percentage of investment · Baseline · Country-specific interest and inflation rates · Tangibles · Not applicable | 2025 | 7.4% |
| Cost of capital · Percentage of investment · Baseline · Fixed interest and inflation rates · Acquired software · Not applicable | 2025 | 3.8% |
| Cost of capital · Percentage of investment · Baseline · Fixed interest and inflation rates · Composite · Not applicable | 2025 | 3.5% |
| Cost of capital · Percentage of investment · Baseline · Fixed interest and inflation rates · Inventories · Not applicable | 2025 | 3.5% |
| Cost of capital · Percentage of investment · Baseline · Fixed interest and inflation rates · Buildings · Not applicable | 2025 | 3.2% |
| Cost of capital · Percentage of investment · Baseline · Fixed interest and inflation rates · Tangibles · Not applicable | 2025 | 3.3% |
OECD Corporate Tax Statistics, baseline scenario.
Administration self-reported metrics (ISORA)
Reported by the administration itself to the IMF/OECD/CIAT/IOTA International Survey on Revenue Administration. 1 = yes, 0 = no for policy questions.
| Indicator | Year | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, not prefilled - CIT | 2024 | 100 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, not prefilled - PIT | 2024 | 100 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, not prefilled - VAT | 2024 | 100 |
| Population per FTE | 2024 | 1813.217391304348 |
| Labor force per FTE | 2024 | 914.8924485125858 |
| Corporate taxpayers per FTE in LTO/P | 2024 | 8.033613445378151 |
| Active taxpayers on PIT register as percentage of Population | 2024 | 4.150512719550651 |
| Active taxpayers on PIT register as percentage of Labor Force | 2024 | 8.225865081905981 |
| Closing stock of collectable arrears as percentage of closing stock of arrears | 2024 | 92.22584119996016 |
| CIT arrears as percentage of CIT collected | 2024 | 82.05833300330286 |
| PIT arrears as percentage of PIT collected | 2024 | 10.61390427548758 |
| PAYE arrears as percentage of PIT collected | 2024 | 3.99098763138749 |
| VAT arrears as percentage of VAT collected | 2024 | 26.69174385489123 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, fully pre-filled deemed acceptance - CIT | 2021 | 0 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, fully pre-filled confirmation required - CIT | 2021 | 0 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, partially pre-filled with income and/or expense information - CIT | 2021 | 0 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, fully pre-filled deemed acceptance - PIT | 2021 | 0 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, fully pre-filled confirmation required - PIT | 2021 | 0 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, partially pre-filled with income and/or expense information - PIT | 2021 | 6.095873304 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, fully pre-filled deemed acceptance - VAT | 2021 | 0 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, fully pre-filled confirmation required - VAT | 2021 | 0 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, partially pre-filled with income and/or expense information - VAT | 2021 | 0 |
| Additional assessments raised through all audits and verification actions as percentage of tax collections | 2024 | 1.727910368196553 |
| Audit hit rate | 2024 | 85.06598004505955 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, not prefilled - PAYE | 2024 | 100 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, prefilled, modified by taxpayer - CIT | 2024 | 0 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, prefilled, not modified by taxpayer - CIT | 2024 | 0 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, prefilled, modified by taxpayer - PIT | 2024 | 0 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, prefilled not modified by taxpayer - PIT | 2024 | 0 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, prefilled, modified by taxpayer - PAYE | 2024 | 0 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, prefilled not modified by taxpayer - PAYE | 2024 | 0 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, prefilled, modified by taxpayer - VAT | 2024 | 0 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, prefilled not modified by taxpayer - VAT | 2024 | 0 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, prefilled Total - CIT | 2024 | 0 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, prefilled Total - PIT | 2024 | 0 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, prefilled Total - PAYE | 2024 | 0 |
| Percentage of tax returns - Electronic, prefilled Total - VAT | 2024 | 0 |
| Availability of specific powers in legislation / regulation to assist in collecting tax arrears | 2022 | 1 |
| Administrative sanctions for taxpayer non-disclosure - Common administrative penalty framework for non-disclosure across the major tax types | 2022 | 1 |
| Administrative sanctions for taxpayer non-disclosure - Penalties imposed generally take account of taxpayers' culpability (i.e. degree of blame) | 2022 | 1 |
| Administrative sanctions for taxpayer non-disclosure - Administration is empowered to remit / reduce penalties in appropriate circumstances | 2022 | 0 |
| Administrative sanctions for taxpayer non-disclosure - Administration is empowered to make public details of some / all taxpayers subject to administrative penalties imposed for non-disclosure | 2022 | 0 |
| On-time filing rate % - CIT | 2024 | 89.25010087036716 |
| On-time filing rate % - PIT | 2024 | 94.20558756922802 |
| On-time filing rate % - VAT | 2024 | 85.04279335009146 |
| On-time filing rate % - PAYE | 2024 | 99.42297525238538 |
| Administration pre-fills PIT returns or assessments | 2024 | 1 |
| Categories of third party information used to pre-fill PIT returns or assessments-Income information: Wages and salaries | 2024 | 1 |
| Categories of third party information used to pre-fill PIT returns or assessments-Taxpayer personal information | 2024 | 1 |
| Administration conducts random audits | 2022 | 1 |
| E-filing mandatory - CIT | 2022 | 1 |
| E-filing mandatory - PIT | 2022 | 1 |
| E-filing mandatory - Employer Withholdings | 2022 | 1 |
| E-filing mandatory - VAT | 2022 | 1 |
| E-payment mandatory - CIT | 2022 | 1 |
| E-payment mandatory - PIT | 2022 | 1 |
| E-payment mandatory - Employer Withholdings | 2022 | 1 |
| E-payment mandatory - VAT | 2022 | 1 |
| Employers withholding taxes on behalf of salaried employees | 2024 | 1 |
| Percentage of payments received electronically-By number of payments | 2024 | 100 |
| Percentage of payments received electronically-By value of payments | 2024 | 100 |
| Cooperative compliance approach exists for -Large taxpayers | 2024 | 1 |
| Cooperative compliance approach exists for -HNWI taxpayers | 2024 | 0 |
| Cooperative compliance approach exists for -Other taxpayers | 2024 | 0 |
| Most employees that have tax deducted through direct withholding required to file a return | 2024 | 0 |
| Administration receives data from devices that register transactions | 2024 | 1 |
| Administration uses electronic compliance checks as part of returns filing process | 2024 | 1 |
| Administration has specialized audit staff for international tax issues | 2022 | 1 |
| Administration has systems for importing, storing and managing third-party data - Customs data | 2022 | 1 |
| Administration has systems for importing, storing and managing third-party data - Data from stock exchanges | 2022 | 0 |
| Administration has systems for importing, storing and managing third-party data - Data from the Social Security Agency | 2022 | 0 |
| Administration has systems for importing, storing and managing third-party data - Data from online (internet-based) vendors | 2022 | 0 |
| Administration has systems for importing, storing and managing third-party data - Data from Utilities | 2022 | 0 |
| Administration checks the quality of data reported by third parties on a systematic basis | 2022 | 0 |
| Administration has systems for importing, storing and managing third-party data - Data on property ownership and sales | 2022 | 0 |
| Administration undertakes fully automated compliance checks based on data matching/analysis | 2022 | 0 |
| Administration measures the effectiveness of any compliance interventions undertaken | 2022 | 1 |
| Administration has standards for auditor productivity | 2022 | 1 |
Tax technology survey answers (OECD ITTI)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Personal income tax returns are automatically prefilled with income information | Yes |
| Value added tax returns are automatically prefilled with information on sales transactions (and output VAT) | Yes |
| Value added tax returns are automatically prefilled with information on purchase transactions (and input VAT) | Yes |
| Administration requires individuals to use an approved digital identity to access secure digital services | Yes |
| Administration requires businesses to use an approved digital identity to access secure digital services | Yes |
| Administration automatically prefills personal income tax returns with data that it has collected | Yes |
| Administration automatically prefills corporate income tax returns with data that it has collected | No |
| Administration automatically prefills value added tax returns with data that it has collected | Yes |
| For certain personal income taxpayers, the administration prefills tax returns with all necessary data so that they do not need to change the return | No |
| For certain value added taxpayers, the administration prefills tax returns with all necessary data so that they do not need to change the return | No |
| Digital identities provided for individuals are interoperable (if several bodies can provide a digital identity) | Yes |
| Digital identities for businesses are interoperable (if several bodies can provide a digital identity) | Yes |
| Approved digital identity offered by the administration for businesses can also be used to access secure digital services from another government body | Yes |
| Approved digital identity offered by the administration for businesses can also be used to access secure digital services from a private sector body | No |
| Approved digital identity offered by the administration for individuals can also be used to access secure digital services from another government body | Yes |
| Approved digital identity offered by the administration for individuals can also be used to access secure digital services from a private sector body | No |
| Estimated percentage of the individual taxpayer population that uses an approved digital identity to access secure digital services offered by the administration | 81-100% |
| Estimated percentage of the business taxpayer population that uses an approved digital identity to access secure digital services offered by the administration | 81-100% |
| Online marketplaces (incl. sharing and gig economy) | No |
| Other online platforms, e.g. stock trading, currencies (incl. crypto). | No |
| Taxpayer accounting systems | No |
| E-invoicing systems | Yes |
| Online cash registers | Yes |
| Other government entities | No |
| Private entities such as banks and insurance companies | No |
| Other jurisdictions (beyond data received under CRS, FATCA and DAC) | No |
| Administration has a comprehensive data management strategy | No |
| Administration assesses data quality of reported data | Yes |
| Administration has in place a data ethics framework | No |
| Administration controls user data access and security | Yes |
| Administration automatically detects unauthorised access | Yes |
| Administration employs a Data Privacy Officer | No |
| Administration has a cyber security unit | Yes |
| Administration hires external parties to test the security of its systems | Yes |
| Administration uses artificial intelligence as part of the data governance process | No |
| Administration has big data capabilities with the necessary people, skills and infrastructure | No |
| Administration uses an enterprise-wide Business Intelligence and Visualisation tool | Yes |
| Administration uses analytics for real-time tax fraud detection and prevention | Yes |
| Underlying digital identity solution for individuals is built upon an existing domestic identity system or completely new | Existing domestic identity system |
| Underlying digital identity solution for businesses is built upon an existing domestic identity system or completely new | Existing domestic identity system |
| Cloud storage | No |
| Robotic process automation | No |
| Artificial intelligence | No |
| Machine learning | No |
| Network analysis | No |
| DataOps approach | No |
| Automated provision of personalised information to stakeholders | No |
| Virtual assistants | No |
| Risk assessment processes | Yes |
| Detection of tax evasion and fraud | Yes |
| Assistance of tax officials in making administrative decisions | Yes |
| Making recommendations for actions | Yes |
| Making of final administrative decisions | Yes |
| Dispute resolution | Yes |
| To ensure the integrity of tax administration systems / processes | No |
| Other use cases | No |
| Administration reviews artificial intelligence source code | No |
| Administration reviews artificial intelligence input information | Yes |
| Administration probes and tests artificial intelligence responses | No |
| Administration monitors artificial intelligence outputs | Yes |
| Administration takes other approaches | No |
| Third party reviews artificial intelligence source code | Yes |
| Third party reviews artificial intelligence input information | No |
| Third party probes and tests artificial intelligence responses | Yes |
| Third party monitors artificial intelligence outputs | No |
| Third party takes other approaches | No |
| Industry, international or other framework was adopted for the development of the digital identity solution for individuals | No |
| Industry, international or other framework was adopted for the development of the digital identity solution for businesses | No |
| Digital identity solution for individuals can connect with foreign identity systems | No |
| Digital identity solution for businesses can connect with foreign identity systems | No |
| Digital identity for individuals created automatically or on request | Automatically |
| Digital identity for businesses created automatically or on request | Automatically |
| Meeting needed to finalise the process of receiving a digital identity for individuals | Always |
| Meeting needed to finalise the process of receiving a digital identity for businesses | No |
| Individuals without ID-documents or birth certificates can receive a digital identity for the use of tax purpose | No |
| Authentication method applied to verify the digital identity when used online | Yes |
| Use of emerging and innovative technologies or solutions with respect to the main digital identity used by taxpayers | No |
| Administration offers online service for registering for tax (CIT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for registering for tax (PIT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for registering for tax (VAT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for filing tax returns (CIT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for filing tax returns (PIT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for filing tax returns (VAT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for making tax payments (CIT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for making tax payments (PIT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for making tax payments (VAT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for requesting extensions of deadlines (filing and payment) (CIT) | No |
| Administration offers online service for requesting extensions of deadlines (filing and payment) (PIT) | No |
| Administration offers online service for requesting extensions of deadlines (filing and payment) (VAT) | No |
| Administration offers online service for asking for tax payment arrangements (CIT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for asking for tax payment arrangements (PIT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for asking for tax payment arrangements (VAT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for asking confidential enquiries in a secure environment (CIT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for asking confidential enquiries in a secure environment (PIT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for asking confidential enquiries in a secure environment (VAT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for filing tax related objections (CIT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for filing tax related objections (PIT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for filing tax related objections (VAT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for dealing with correspondence (CIT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for dealing with correspondence (PIT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for dealing with correspondence (VAT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for uploading data into the tax administration's system (CIT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for uploading data into the tax administration's system (PIT) | Yes |
| Administration offers online service for uploading data into the tax administration's system (VAT) | Yes |
| Administration offers specific approaches to those that do not have online access | No |
| Administration offers facility for taxpayers to interact with virtual assistants, such as chatbots | No |
| Administration uses artificial intelligence during interactions with taxpayers (other than virtual assistants) | No |
| Administration offers services that follow a set of pre-programmed and automated service responses during interactions with taxpayers (other than virtual assistants) | No |
| Administration has an enterprise data management (governance) system that allows taxpayer information be viewed across the administration | Yes |
| Administration uses big data for analytical purposes | Yes |
| Administration uses artificial intelligence / machine learning as part of the big data analysis | No |
| Administration uses artificial intelligence | Yes |
| Limitations exist on the use of artificial intelligence | No |
| Administration has an ethical framework for the application of artifical intelligence | No |
| Administration uses Distributed Ledger Technology, e.g. blockchain, in its taxation processes | No |
| Use of big data to: Improve compliance | Yes |
| Use of big data to: Identify trends | Yes |
| Use of big data to: Policy forecasting | Yes |
| Use of big data to: Provide new services | Yes |